Edition – 2025 – 26

Contents 1. The Significance and uses of Oceans ……………… 1
2. The Planet Ocean ……………………………………………. 6
3. The Origins of Seawater ………………………………… 17
4. The Profile of the Ocean Floor ……………………….. 19
5. The Physical Properties of Sea Water ……………. 28
6. Ocean Waves and Tides ………………………………. 29
7. Shoreline Processes and Sediments ……………… 31
8. Life in the Ocean ……………………………………………. 33
9. Marine Ecology …………………………………………….. 35
10. Biological Resources …………………………………… 36
11. Physical Resources …………………………………….. 38
12. Environmental Oceanography ……………………… 40
13. Ocean management and
Conservation …………………………………………………….. 41
Appendix …………………………………………………………… 43
Glossary …………………………………………………………… 45
Quiz Time …………………………………………………………. 70
Answers ………………………………………………………… . 106
Quiz Sheet No. 1 …………………………………………….. 109
Quiz Sheet No. 2 ……………………………………………… 113
Quiz Sheet No. 3 ……………………………………………… 117
Quiz Sheet No. 4 …………………………………………….. 121
Quiz Sheet No. 5 …………………………………………….. 125
Quiz Sheet No. 6 …………………………………………….. 129
Quiz Sheet No. 7 …………………………………………….. 133
Quiz Sheet No. 8 …………………………………………….. 137
Quiz Sheet No. 9 …………………………………………….. 141
Quiz Sheet No. 10 …………………………………………… 145
Answers – Quiz Sheets ……………………………………. 149